بِسْم الله الرحمن الرحيم
#1 - Abandonment of Prayer
#2 - Delaying the Prayer from its stated time
Imran ibn Husain said, "I was suffering from hemorrhoids (piles), so I asked the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and he said: "Pray standing; if you are not able, then sitting down; if you are not able to do so, then pray lying down." [Bukhari, Abu Dawood and Ahmad]
And In [4:103]:
Ibn Baaz said: “It is not permissible to stop praying under any circumstances; rather the person should be more keen to offer the Salaat during the time of his sickness than the time of his good health. It is not permissible for him to abandon the obligatory prayer until the time for it has ended, even if he is sick as long as his mind is stable (sound), rather he should offer as much as he can in its stated prescribed time. If he has abandoned the Salaat deliberately knowing the legal ruling of doing that and he is able to offer it, even through gestures, is a sinner and judged by the majority the scholars to be a Kaafir.
This is because the Prophet ﷺ said: “The covenant which is between us and them (disbelievers) is Salaat, and whoever abandoned it has disbelieved.” [At-Tirmidhi].
And if it is difficult for him to offer each Salaat in its time then he can join Dhuhr and ‘Asr and Maghrib and Isha’ either advanced joining or delayed joining according to what is easy for him.” [Summarized from Majmuu’ Fatawa Shaikh Ibn Baaz]
#3 - Not offering the Prayer while standing
How should the sick person pray?
It is obligatory upon the sick person, if he's able to stand, to pray the obligatory prayers while standing. If he doesn't, his prayer is rendered invalid. He should stand even if he's leaning against the wall, or bending because of the pain, or being supported by men, or leaning on a stick.
During the time of the companions, If there was a sick person in the congregation, he would stand up while supported by two men on either side of him.
When is it permissible to offer the prayer while sitting? When one is praying with hardship.
What's the criteria by which we can judge this hardship? Ibn Uthaymeen said if you're standing and you can't concentrate, and you long for the prayer to be finished quickly in order to sit, you're allowed to sit. When the standing is increasing your sickness and pain and longing to leave the prayer.
If you can't bend your back...
You shouldn't sit, as people do nowadays. If you can't bend your back for Rukoo', then bend your head while standing. And if you can't do Sujood as well, lower your head slightly lower than the bending you did for Rukoo'.
If you have a knee problem...
You can sit on the chair (only for prostration) in this case, with your hands on your knees, and bend your back for prostration. If you can't bend your back, bend your neck.
If you can't stand at all. If you can sit on the ground, it's better to sit on the ground, whether you're sitting crossed legged or normally.
If you have an injury on your head..
If you can't put your head on the ground, you should put whatever you can of your limbs on the ground, and bring your head as close as you can to it.
Just because you can't put your head on the ground, doesn't mean you cant put your hands, knees, as well. There are 7 limbs that should touch the floor. Just because you can't put one, doesn't mean you cancel out the rest as well.
If you can't stand at all...
You can offer the prayer cross legged, and bow while putting your hands on your knees and lowering your head as much as you can to the ground.
If you can't sit, you pray lying down. How?
You lie down on the right, keep your hands on your chest as normal, and face the Qibla (if you're able to. Bend your head for Rukoo, and lower for Sujood.
If you can't lie down on your right, you should lie on your back. And it's best to elevate your head.
#4 - Abandoning the Prayer in the case that one is unable to pray standing, sitting, nor lying down.
In the case that the sick person is unable to bend his head nor gesture with his eyes, he should pray with his heart and that is by starting the Salaat by saying Takbeer and recite, then has intention with his heart for the Ruku’, Sujud, standing and sitting. And every person will get reward according to his intention.” [Shaikh Ibn ‘Uthaimeen in Resalat Taharatal-Mareedh wa Salaatihi]
It's to that extent that the Salat won't be cancelled for the sick person.
#5 - To pray through gesturing with ones finger
It's a common belief amongst the public that one can offer the prayer by gesturing with one’s finger.
However, this way of Salaat is not quoted by Prophet ﷺ, nor is in the Qur'an, nor have any scholars mentioned it, and is thus a Bid’ah (innovation).
#6 - To pray on a cushion
Jabir narrated that the Prophet ﷺ visited a sick man and saw him praying on a cushion, he threw it away and said: “Pray on the ground, if you can, or else pray by gestures and make your prostration lower than your bowing.”[Al-Baihaqi and al-Hatim graded it Mawqufand authenticated by al-Albaani in Sifat as-Salaat and graded it Saheeh]
1. This Hadeeth indicates that the Prophet did not approve of prostrating on a cushion for the one who is unable to prostrate on the ground. Rather, one should gesture by his head, making his prostration lower than his bowing.
2. One should not make undue hardship in the religion of Allaah and put something high (or raise something) to prostrate on it. It is prescribed to pray without any difficulty and trouble; let one first prostrate on the ground, if he cannot then let him gesture by his head for the Ruku’ and Sujud. Such that he bends his head in the Ruku’ and in the Sujud he bends as much as he can to reach the ground.
[Sources:
- فتح ذي الجلال و الإكرام بشرح بلوغ المرام by Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen
- Fatawa Ibn Baz
- طهارة المريض و صلاته by Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen
- الشرح الممتع by Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen]
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