Permissible Actions during Prayer
1) Gesturing with the hand or head in case of necessity, whether in obligatory or voluntary prayers.
It was reported that Umm Salamah (may Allaah be pleased with her) said: I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) forbidding us to pray two rak’ahs after ‘Asr, then I saw him praying them when he prayed ‘Asr. She said, he entered and there were some women from Bani Haraam, from among the Ansaar, with me. He started to pray them [these two rak’ahs after ‘Asr], so I sent a young girl to him, and I told her, ‘Stand beside him and say to him, Umm Salamah is saying to you, O Messenger of Allaah, I heard you forbidding us to do these two rak’ahs and now I see you praying them. If he makes a gesture with his hand then leave him and go back.’ So the young girl did that and he made a gesture with his hand, so she left him and went back. When he finished praying, he said: ‘O daughter of Abu Umayyah, you asked about the two rak’ahs after ‘Asr. Some people from Banu ‘Abd al-Qays came to me and kept me from doing the two rak’ahs after Zuhr, and that is what these were.’” (Narrated by al-Bukhaari and Muslim).
2) If someone asks you something urgent and for necessity, you may nod or shake your head (to indicate yes or no).
3) Gesturing in response to the greeting
Normally, If someone says السلام عليكم it is obligatory upon you to reply. Commencing the greeting is recommendable (however it's disliked when someone's praying)
Ibn ‘Umar (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: “I asked Bilaal, How did the Messenger of Allah ﷺ return their salaam when they greeted him whilst he was praying? He said, With a gesture of his hand.” [Abu Dawud]
It was also narrated from him that Suhayb (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: “I passed by the Messenger of Allah ﷺ whilst he was praying. I greeted him with salaam and he responded with a gesture.” And he said: I am not sure whether he said “a gesture with his fingers”. (Narrated by the five, apart from Ibn Maajah. Al-Tirmidhi said: both hadeeths are saheeh in my view).
4) Putting your hand over your mouth when yawning
We should suppress our yawn, but if you can't you should put your hand over your mouth.
Abu Hurayrah reported that the Prophet ﷺ said: "Yawning is from the Shaytaan. If any of you feels the urge to yawn, let him resist it as much as possible, for if any of you says ‘Ha’ (makes a noise when yawning), the Shaytaan laughs." [Bukhari]
Abu Sa’eed al-Khudri reported that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "If any of you yawns, let him cover his mouth lest the Shaytaan enter." (Abu Dawud)
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