E.g. A man sees an impurity on his clothes or shoes (It's a Sunnah act to pray while wearing shoes). If you don't take off your shoes, your prayer will be invalidated.
Abu Sa’eed al-Khudri said: Whilst the Prophet ﷺ was leading his companions in prayer, he took off his shoes and placed them to his left. When the people saw that, they took off their shoes. When the Messenger of Allah had finished the prayer he said, “What made you take off your shoes?” They said, “We saw you take off your shoes, so we took off our shoes.” The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “Jibreel (peace be upon him) came to me and told me that there was some dirt on them.” And he said: “When one of you comes to the mosque, let him check his shoes, and if he seeds any dirt on them, let him wipe them and pray in them.” [Abu Dawud]
E.g. One of the conditions required for prayer is a clean garment. If you are unable to remove the impurity you should cut your prayer, change, and start it from the beginning again. If you are wearing an outer garment which is dirty you can take it off while praying (as long as you're not wearing tight clothes under) and continue your prayer without breaking it.
If you remember after you finish praying, there's no need to repeat your prayer.
E.g. You entered a Musallah and don't know the direction of the Qibla. You determined a direction and started to pray. Someone entered and told you that it is in another direction. It's obligatory for you to move here, otherwise your prayer will be invalidated.
Anas ibn Malik reported: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to pray towards the sacred house in Jerusalem and then it was revealed to him, “We have certainly seen the turning of your face, toward the heaven, and We will surely turn you to a direction of prayer with which you will be pleased. So turn your face toward the sacred mosque.” (2:144) A person from the tribe of Salama found people bowing in prayer during the dawn prayer and they had completed only one bowing. He said loudly, “Listen! The direction of prayer has been change!” So they turned toward the new direction of prayer while in that state. [Muslim]
2) Recommended Movements in Prayer
If you do it, you'll be rewarded. If you don't move the reward of your prayer may be diminished.
E.g. Two people and an Imam praying. A third person joins. The Imam steps forward.
E.g. You're in the third row, and there's a gap in the second row. Moving whilst in prayer and filling that gap is recommendable.
3) Allowable Movements in Prayer
Small movements or big movements in case of necessity.
E.g. Your arm is itchy.
E.g. Killing scorpions and snakes whether you're praying or not. This requires a lot of movement, and it's permissible during prayer.
Narrated Al-Azraq bin Qais: We were in the city of Al-Ahwaz on the bank of a river which had dried up. Then Abu Barza Al- Aslami came riding a horse and he started praying and let his horse loose. The horse ran away, so Abu Barza interrupted his prayer and went after the horse till he caught it and brought it, and then he offered his prayer. There was a man amongst us who was having a different opinion. He came saying. "Look at this old man! He left his prayer because of a horse." On that Abu Barza came to us and said, "Since the time I left Allah's Messenger (ﷺ), nobody has admonished me; My house is very far from this place, and if I had carried on praying and left my horse, I could not have reached my house till night." Then Abu Barza mentioned that he had been in the company of the Prophet, and that he had seen his leniency. [Bukhari]
Abu Qutaadah al-Ansaari: “The Messenger of Allaah ﷺ used to pray whilst he was carrying Umaamah, the daughter of Zaynab bint Rasool-Allaah ﷺ. According to the report of Abu’l-‘Aas ibn Rabee’ah ibn ‘Abd Shams, when he prostrated he put her down, and when he stood up he picked her up.”
4) Disliked Movements in Prayer
Small actions done without necessity.
E.g. Fixing your Hijab.
It you keep away from it you will be rewarded and if you do it you will not be punished, but it will diminish your reward.
5) Forbidden Movements in Prayer
Actions done abundantly and successively without need. This invalidates your prayer.
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